Stabilized mixture

ABSTRACT

A mixture consisting essentially of fly ash and cement kiln dust which reacts at ambient temperature with water to produce a durable mass.

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 654,211, filed Feb. 2, 1976, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,018,617.

This invention relates to materials which are capable of supporting surfacing such as pavement bases.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In road paving, at one time it was thought that the base for the surfacing material should comprise a granular or gravel base. However, more recently, it has been concluded that there was a considerable difference in the performance between such bases and cement-aggregate or bituminous (asphalt)-aggregate bases. As reported in the Highway Research Board Special Report 61E, titled The AASHO Road Test, Report 5, Pavement Research, publication 954 of National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council, there is a clear superiority of such treated bases over untreated bases. In recent years, treated bases have become commonly known as stabilized bases.

In subsequent work, for example, use of asphalt mixtures in all courses of pavement above the subgrade has been proposed, The Asphalt Institute, Information Series No. 146, June 1968. Asphalt stabilized bases have become the most dominant stabilized base utilized to support a flexible surfacing such as asphalt concrete. In addition, asphalt concrete has found extensive use as a resurfacing material for concrete pavement.

It has also been proposed that a lime-fly ash-aggregate stabilized base be used in road paving. Such a base consists of a mixture of proper quantities of lime, fly ash, and graded aggregate at optimum moisture content, in which the stability is greatly enhanced by the cementing action which results from complex chemical reactions between the lime and the fly ash in the presence of water.

Stabilized bases are usually employed as base courses under wearing surfaces such as hot mixed, hot laid asphaltic concrete. A wearing surface is necessary to resist the high shearing stresses which are caused by traction, but the stabilized base provides the required stability to support wheel loads.

A serious obstacle to the expanded use of stabilized bases is the high energy costs for making the materials.

For example, it is well known that the production of portland cement which is used in stabilizing bases requires substantial quantities of coal in manufacture. In fact, the United States Department of Transportation has suggested that fly ash be substituted for a portion of the portland cement utilized in concrete or cement-aggregate bases, Federal Highway Administration Notice N5080.4, Jan. 17, 1974.

The use of asphalt in asphalt-aggregate bases which is derived from petroleum processing not only utilizes petroleum which is in short supply but also requires high energy to produce them.

Similarly, the lime, fly ash and graded aggregate stabilized bases utilize lime which requires coal in production. Such bases have been used in limited geographical areas of the United States where they can compete economically because of availability of lime and fly ash.

Thus, the predominantly used stabilized bases utilize materials that are in short supply and require substantial quantities of energy to produce them. The materials may be termed energy intensive. There is a need to avoid or minimize the use of such energy intensive materials in road paving.

Accordingly, among the objects of the invention are to provide a mixture of materials for producing a stabilized base comprising a hard, strong, durable mass capable of supporting surfacing which avoids or minimizes the use of materials which are energy intensive and, moreover, utilizes materials that normally are waste materials that are readily available.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the invention, the mixture consists essentially of fly ash and cement kiln dust which reacts at ambient temperature with water to produce a durable mass.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1-3 are curves of compressive strength versus age at test for various compositions.

FIG. 4 is curves of energy requirements for various pavement materials.

DESCRIPTION

In accordance with the invention, the pozzolanic load supporting composition utilizes cement kiln dust.

The solid waste generated by cement manufacture is primarily kiln dust. This dust contains a mixture of raw kiln feed, partly calcined material, finely divided cement klinker and alkali sulfates (usually sulfates). There is economic value in returning the dust to the kiln, but when the alkali content of the returned dust is too high for the product klinker to meet specifications, the dust must be discarded. Up to about 15% of the raw materials processed may be collected as dust and of this about half may be low enough in alkalis to be returned to the kiln. The rest is usually stockpiled as a waste material which must be disposed and may be a nuisance and possibly a hazard.

Although the chemical reactions occurring in the resultant cement kiln dust are not well known, typical cement kiln dust has a chemical analysis as follows:

SiO₂

Al₂ O₃

Fe₂ O₃

CaO

MgO

SO₃

Na₂ O

K₂ O

Loss Ignition

More specifically, typical cement kiln dust may have the following analyses:

    __________________________________________________________________________           Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Source                                                                             Mid-                                 Ingredient                                                                           A   B   C   D   E   F   G   H   I   Range                                __________________________________________________________________________     SiO.sub.2                                                                            28.5%                                                                              6.0%                                                                               22.4%                                                                              11.2%                                                                              13.0%                                                                              23.5%                                                                              14.8%                                                                              14.6%                                                                              14.7%                                                                              17.2%                                Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                     9.6 3.4 4.71                                                                               3.2 4.0 3.77                                                                               3.4 3.4 3.7 6.4                                  Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                     5.9 0.8 1.77                                                                               1.4 5.0 1.71                                                                               2.2 2.2 3.0 3.4                                  CaO   50.1                                                                               16.0                                                                               65.0                                                                               48.8                                                                               47.2                                                                               61.3                                                                               47.3                                                                               46.3                                                                               46.5                                                                               40.5                                 MgO   3.4 0.8 2.60                                                                               2.1 1.2 4.83                                                                               2.1 2.0 2.0 2.8                                  SO.sub.3                                                                             26.3                                                                               0.7 1.12                                                                               2.4 13.6                                                                               1.48                                                                               4.8 5.0 8.2 13.5                                 Na.sub.2 O                                                                           3.18                                                                               0.08                                                                               0.24                                                                               0.2 0.45                                                                               0.24                                                                               0.9 0.9 0.8 1.6                                  K.sub.2 O                                                                            26.23                                                                              1.08                                                                               1.3 4.2 2.9 1.85                                                                               4.1 5.1 3.0 13.7                                 Loss on                                                                        Ignition                                                                             32.0%                                                                              7.7%                                                                               2.50%                                                                              26.6%                                                                              12.9%                                                                              1.84%                                                                              21.1%                                                                              21.4%                                                                              18.2%                                                                              17.2%                                __________________________________________________________________________

    ______________________________________                                         RANGE                                                                          Ingredient                                                                             Low %       High %      Average %                                      ______________________________________                                         SiO.sub.2                                                                              6.0         28.5        16.5                                           Al.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                       3.2         9.6         4.35                                           Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3                                                                       0.8         5.9         2.66                                           CaO     16.0        65.0        47.6                                           MgO     0.8         4.83        2.34                                           SO.sub.3                                                                               0.7         26.3        7.07                                           Na.sub.2 O                                                                             0.08        3.18        0.78                                           K.sub.2 O                                                                              1.08        26.23       5.52                                           Loss on                                                                        Ignition                                                                               2.50        32.0        16.0                                           ______________________________________                                    

When mixtures made in accordance with the invention and mixed with water to produce a pozzolanic reaction have been tested in accordance with the specifications given in ASTM C-593 for fly ash and other pozzolans for use with lime, it has been found that the compositions meet or exceed the specifications.

The term "fly ash" as used in connection with stabilized bases is well known and as used herein is intended to indicate the finely divided ash residue produced by the combustion of pulverized coal or lignite, which ash is carried off with the gases exhausted from the furnace in which the coal is burned and which is collected from these gases usually by means of suitable precipitation apparatus such as electrical precipitators. Those finely pulverized ashes resulting from combustion of oil and from combustion of waste materials in a large incinerator or natural pozzolans can also be utilized in the methods described herein providing their chemical compositions are reasonably similar to pulverized coal fly ashes. The fly ash so obtained is in a finely divided state such that usually at least 70% by weight passes through a 200-mesh sieve, although incinerator ashes may be considerably coarser. Fly ash may be considered an "artificial pozzolan", as distinguished from a "natural pozzolan".

The term "aggregate" as used in connection with load supporting compositions is also well known and refers to natural or artificial inorganic materials most of which are substantially chemically inert with respect to fly ash and lime, and substantially insoluble in water. Typically, aggregate may comprise limestone, sand, blast furnace slag, gravel, synthetic aggregate and other similar material.

Aggregates can comprise a wide range of types and gradations, including sands, gravels, crushed stones, and several types of slag. Aggregates should be of such gradation that, when mixed with cement kiln dust, fly ash and water, the resulting mixture is mechanically stable under compaction equipment and capable of being compacted in the field to high density. The aggregate should be free from deleterious organic or chemical substances which may interfere with the desired chemical reaction between the cement kiln dust, fly ash and water. Further, the aggregate should preferably consist of hard, durable particles, free from soft or disintegrated pieces.

It has been found that a preferable mixture comprises:

    ______________________________________                                                       Percent by                                                                     Dry Weight                                                       ______________________________________                                         Cement Kiln Dust                                                                               8.0%                                                           Fly Ash         12.0%                                                          Aggregate       80.0%                                                          Total           100.0%                                                         ______________________________________                                    

However, the mixture for use in road stabilizer bases may preferably vary as follows:

    ______________________________________                                                       Percent By                                                                     Dry Weight                                                       ______________________________________                                         Cement Kiln Dust                                                                                4-16%                                                         Fly Ash         6-24%                                                          Aggregate       60-90%                                                         ______________________________________                                    

As indicated above, tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM C-593. More specifically, the test specimens were molded using a mechanical compactor, having a 10 pound hammer with an 18 inch drop. The material was placed in the molds in three equal layers, and compacted by 25 blows per layer. The machine has a revolving turntable to evenly distribute the blows over the surface of the layer being compacted.

After molding, the samples were carefully removed from the molds, weighed, and sealed in plastic bag, labeled for identification, and placed in a constant temperature oven at 100° F. to cure until tested. Two cylinders of each mix were marked for testing at 7, 14 and 28 days of curing. After removal from the oven, the samples are submerged in water for four hours, removed, and allowed to drain on a non-absorbant surface, capped, and tested within one hour after removal from the water. The capping compound used is "Hydro-Stone" a lime based, quick-hardening compound. Plate glass was used to obtain even, parallel caps on the test specimens.

Examples of various tests and compositions are as follows:

                                      EXAMPLE I                                    __________________________________________________________________________                                             Weight of                                                       Percent        Batch                                  __________________________________________________________________________               Cement Kiln Dust                                                                              8.0%            2.4#                                            Fly Ash        12.0%           3.6#                                            Limestone      80.0%          24.0#                                            Total          100.0%         30.0#                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As   Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                  No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                           Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                             __________________________________________________________________________     A    10.8 4.73     141.9 128.1 12.57                                                                               10-16                                                                              13,140                                                                             1050                               B    10.8 4.72     141.6 127.8 12.57                                                                               10-16                                                                              14,370                                                                             1140                               C    10.8 4.73     141.9 128.1 12.57                                                                               10-23                                                                              15,780                                                                             1260                               D    10.8 4.73     141.9 128.1 12.57                                                                               10-23                                                                              15,530                                                                             1240                               E    10.8 4.73     141.9 128.1 12.57                                                                               11-06                                                                              17,800                                                                             1420                               F    10.8 4.73     141.9 128.1 12.57                                                                               11-06                                                                              17,800                                                                             1420                               __________________________________________________________________________      Remarks:                                                                       Slight bleeding at bottom of mold.                                       

                                      EXAMPLE II                                   __________________________________________________________________________                                             Weight of                                                       Percent        Batch                                  __________________________________________________________________________               Cement Kiln Dust                                                                               8.0%          2.4#                                             Fly Ash        12.0%          3.6#                                             Limestone      80.0%          24.0#                                            Retarder       --             0.96 oz                                          Total          100.0%         30.0#                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As   Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                  No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                           Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                             __________________________________________________________________________     A    10.1 4.73     141.9 128.9 12.57                                                                               10-16                                                                              --  --                                 B    10.1 4.73     141.9 128.9 12.57                                                                               10-16                                                                              --  --                                 C    10.2 4.73     141.9 128.8 12.57                                                                               10-23                                                                              1,650                                                                              130                                D    10.2 4.73     141.9 128.8 12.57                                                                               10-23                                                                              1,930                                                                              150                                E    10.3 4.73     141.9 128.6 12.57                                                                               11-06                                                                              2,300                                                                              180                                F    10.3 4.73     141.9 128.6 12.57                                                                               11-06                                                                              2,100                                                                              170                                __________________________________________________________________________      Remarks:                                                                       Slight bleeding.                                                               Samples 2A and 2B fell apart during the four (4) hour soaking. There was       no intact sample to subject to the compression test.                           Samples C, D, E, and F were not subjected to the four (4) hour soaking,        prior to testing.                                                        

                                      EXAMPLE III                                  __________________________________________________________________________                                             Weight of                                                       Percent        Batch                                  __________________________________________________________________________            Cement Kiln Dust   8.0%          2.4#                                          Fly Ash           12.0%          3.6#                                          Limestone         80.0%          24.0#                                         Calcium Chloride Solution                                                                        --             (0.24#)                                       Total             100.0%         30.0#                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As   Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                  No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                           Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. in.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                             __________________________________________________________________________     A    10.4 4.77     143.1 129.6 12.57                                                                               10-16                                                                              15,160                                                                             1210                               B    10.4 4.77     143.1 129.6 12.57                                                                               10-16                                                                              15,750                                                                             1250                               C    10.0 4.73     141.9 129.0 12.57                                                                               10-23                                                                              17,250                                                                             1370                               D     9.9 4.73     141.9 129.1 12.57                                                                               10-23                                                                              18,950                                                                             1510                               E     9.8 4.73     141.9 129.2 12.57                                                                               11-06                                                                              20,600                                                                             1640                               F     9.7 4.72     141.6 129.1 12.57                                                                               11-06                                                                              20,700                                                                             1650                               __________________________________________________________________________      Remarks:                                                                       Slight bleeding                                                          

                                      EXAMPLE IV                                   __________________________________________________________________________                                             Weight of                                                       Percent        Batch                                  __________________________________________________________________________               Cement Kiln Dust                                                                              8.0%           2.4#                                             Stack Dust     3.0%           0.9#                                             Fly Ash        12.0%          3.6#                                             Limestone      77.0%          23.1#                                            Total          100.0%         30.0#                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As   Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                  No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                           Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                             __________________________________________________________________________     A    8.5  4.53     135.9 125.3 12.57                                                                               10-17                                                                               8,200                                                                             652                                B    8.5  4.54     136.2 125.5 12.57                                                                               10-17                                                                               8,900                                                                             708                                C    8.7  4.58     137.4 126.4 12.57                                                                               10-24                                                                              10,950                                                                             871                                D    8.8  4.56     136.8 125.7 12.57                                                                               10-24                                                                              11,775                                                                             937                                E    9.0  4.58     137.4 126.1 12.57                                                                               11-07                                                                              16,050                                                                             1280                               F    9.0  4.56     136.8 125.5 12.57                                                                               11-07                                                                              14,850                                                                             1180                               __________________________________________________________________________      Remarks:                                                                       No bleeding.                                                             

                                      EXAMPLE V                                    __________________________________________________________________________                                             Weight of                                                       Percent        Batch                                  __________________________________________________________________________               Cement Kiln Dust                                                                              12.0%          3.6#                                             Fly Ash        88.0%          26.4#                                            Total          100.0%         30.0#                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As   Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                  No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                           Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                             __________________________________________________________________________     A    9.5  2.87     86.1  78.6  12.57                                                                               10-17                                                                              2,350                                                                              187                                B    9.7  2.90     87.0  79.3  12.57                                                                               10-17                                                                              2,300                                                                              183                                C    9.7  2.90     87.0  79.3  12.57                                                                               10-24                                                                              2,075                                                                              165                                D    9.7  2.90     87.0  79.3  12.57                                                                               10-24                                                                              1,900                                                                              151                                E    9.7  2.90     87.0  79.3  12.57                                                                               11-07                                                                              3,040                                                                              240                                F    10.0 2.96     88.8  80.7  12.57                                                                               11-07                                                                              3,230                                                                              260                                __________________________________________________________________________      Remarks:                                                                       Had difficulty in reaching the desired moisture content because of the         dust's extremely dry condition. Extremely "fluffy" material.             

                                      EXAMPLE VI                                   __________________________________________________________________________                                             Weight of                                                       Percent        Batch                                  __________________________________________________________________________     Cement Kiln Dust         8.0%           2.4#                                   Fly Ash                  8.0%           2.4#                                   Limestone                79.0%          23.7#                                  Limestone Fines          5.0%           1.5#                                   Total                    100.0%         30.0#                                  Water added: 1158 + 136 = 1294                                                 __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As   Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                  No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                           Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                             __________________________________________________________________________     A    9.8  4.85     145.5 132.5 12.57                                                                               10-20                                                                              13,900                                                                             1110                               B    9.8  4.81     144.3 131.4 12.57                                                                               10-20                                                                              15,000                                                                             1190                               C    9.8  4.79     143.7 130.9 12.57                                                                               10-27                                                                              17,350                                                                             1380                               D    9.9  4.81     144.3 131.3 12.57                                                                               10-27                                                                              18,200                                                                             1448                               E    9.9  4.81     144.3 131.3 12.57                                                                               11-10                                                                              17,050                                                                             1356                               F    9.9  4.78     143.4 130.5 12.57                                                                               11-10                                                                              16,600                                                                             1321                               __________________________________________________________________________      Remarks:                                                                       Good compactability. Material was relatively easy to work with.          

                                      EXAMPLE VII                                  __________________________________________________________________________                                  Weight of                                                                Percent                                                                              Batch                                             __________________________________________________________________________               Fly Ash      8.0%  2.40#                                                       Kiln Dust    10.0% 3.00#                                                       No. 304 Limestone                                                                           82.0% 24.60#                                                      (Screened over 3/4" screen)                                                    Total        100.0%                                                                               30.00#                                            __________________________________________________________________________     Cyl.                                                                              Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                      No.                                                                               Water                                                                               Molded(Lbs.)                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                                 __________________________________________________________________________     1  11.5 4.73   141.9 127.3 12.57                                                                               4-01                                                                                9350                                                                               745                                   2  11.1 4.71   141.3 127.2 12.57                                                                               4-01                                                                                8610                                                                               685                                   3  11.1 4.73   141.9 127.7 12.57                                                                               4-01                                                                                9290                                                                               740                                   4  11.1 4.74   142.2 128.1 12.57                                                                               4-22                                                                               14050                                                                              1120                                   5  11.0 4.75   142.5 128.4 12.57                                                                               4-22                                                                               13500                                                                              1075                                   6  10.7 4.74   142.2 128.5 12.57                                                                               4-22                                                                               13620                                                                              1085                                   __________________________________________________________________________      A. Slight bleeding at bottom of mold during compaction.                        B. Material appeared deficient in limestone fines (#4 material).               C. Some free moisture noted, giving slight "glossy" appearance.                D. Samples slumped, following extraction from molds.                     

                                      EXAMPLE VIII                                 __________________________________________________________________________                                  Weight of                                                                Percent                                                                              Batch                                             __________________________________________________________________________               Fly Ash      10.0% 3.00#                                                       Kiln Dust    8.0%  2.40#                                                       No. 304 Limestone                                                                           82.0% 24.60#                                                      (Screened over 3/4" screen)                                                    Total        100.0 30.00#                                            __________________________________________________________________________     Cyl.                                                                              Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                      No.                                                                               Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                                 __________________________________________________________________________     1  9.3  4.72   141.6 129.6 12.57                                                                               4-01                                                                               8060                                                                               640                                    2  9.4  4.71   141.3 129.2 12.57                                                                               4-01                                                                               7750                                                                               615                                    3  9.4  4.71   141.3 129.2 12.57                                                                               4-01                                                                               8000                                                                               635                                    4  9.5  4.69   140.7 128.5 12.57                                                                               4-22                                                                               9730                                                                               775                                    5  9.6  4.68   140.4 128.1 12.57                                                                               4-22                                                                               10450                                                                              830                                    6  9.5  4.69   140.7 128.5 12.57                                                                               4-22                                                                               11490                                                                              915                                    __________________________________________________________________________      A. Samples retained shape following extraction from molds.                     B. No free water noticed bleeding during compaction.                     

                                      EXAMPLE IX                                   __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Fly Ash      8.0%       2.40#                                                  Kiln Dust    10.0%      3.00#                                                  Fill Sand    82.0%      24.60#                                                 Total        100.0%     30.00#                                         __________________________________________________________________________     Cyl.                                                                              Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                      No.                                                                               Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                                 __________________________________________________________________________     1  9.8  4.09   122.7 111.7 12.57                                                                               3-31                                                                               1800                                                                               145                                    2  10.0 4.12   123.6 112.4 12.57                                                                               3-31                                                                               1700                                                                               135                                    3  9.9  4.10   123.0 111.9 12.57                                                                               3-31                                                                               1690                                                                               135                                    4  9.9  4.11   123.3 112.2 12.57                                                                               4-21                                                                               2810                                                                               225                                    5  10.0 4.10   123.0 111.8 12.57                                                                               4-21                                                                               2880                                                                               230                                    6  9.8  4.09   122.7 111.7 12.57                                                                               4-21                                                                               2670                                                                               210                                    __________________________________________________________________________      A. No bleeding of sample during compaction.                                    B. Material stayed in a ball when packed by hand.                              C. Slight bulking noticed.                                                     D. Easily compacted.                                                     

                                      EXAMPLE X                                    __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Fly Ash      8.0%       2.40#                                                  Kiln Dust    10.0%      3.00#                                                  Glass (Crushed to approx.                                                      1/2" size)   32.0%      9.60#                                                  Fill Sand    50.0%      15.00#                                                 Total        100.0%     30.00#                                         __________________________________________________________________________     Cyl.                                                                              Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                      No.                                                                               Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                                 __________________________________________________________________________     1  9.4  4.50   135.0 123.4 12.57                                                                               4-02                                                                               4390                                                                               350                                    2  9.4  4.50   135.0 123.4 12.57                                                                               4-02                                                                               4590                                                                               365                                    3  9.3  4.51   135.3 123.8 12.57                                                                               4-02                                                                               4200                                                                               335                                    4  9.2  4.52   135.6 124.2 12.57                                                                               4-23                                                                               6750                                                                               535                                    5  9.1  4.51   135.3 124.0 12.57                                                                               4-23                                                                               6870                                                                               545                                    6  9.1  4.47   134.1 122.9 12.57                                                                               4-23                                                                               6280                                                                               500                                    __________________________________________________________________________      A. Material originally mixed to 10.3% moisture, looked wet, probably           because nonabsorbancy of glass.                                                B. Air dried the mix out to approximately 9.4% moisture, did not bulk at       this moisture content.                                                         C. Surprisingly good cohesion of mix, even with the smooth faces of glass      particles.                                                                     D. Strength of cylinders higher than expected, thought the mix would slip      off the smooth glass faces, when put under compression.                  

                                      EXAMPLE XI                                   __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Cement Kiln Dust                                                                            16.0       3.2#                                                   Fly Ash      24.0       4.8#                                                   No. 304 Crushed Limestone                                                                   60.0       12.0#                                                  Total        100.0      20.0#                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                    No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                               __________________________________________________________________________     A    16.6 4.50   135.0 115.8 12.57                                                                               12/22                                                                              5890                                                                               470                                  B    15.1 4.46   133.8 116.2 12.57                                                                               12/22                                                                              6000                                                                               480                                  C    15.0 4.46   133.8 116.3 12.57                                                                               12/22                                                                              6150                                                                               490                                  __________________________________________________________________________

                                      EXAMPLE XII                                  __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Cement Kiln Dust                                                                            4.0        0.8#                                                   Fly Ash      6.0        1.2#                                                   No. 304 Crushed Limestone                                                                   90.0       18.0#                                                  Total        100.0      20.0#                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date                                                                               Mach.                                    No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested                                                                             Load                                                                               P.S.I.                               __________________________________________________________________________     A    11.1 4.94   148.2 133.4 12.57                                                                               12/22                                                                              2950                                                                               230                                  B    11.2 4.93   147.9 133.0 12.57                                                                               12/22                                                                              3570                                                                               280                                  C    11.2 4.93   147.9 133.0 12.57                                                                               12/22                                                                              3250                                                                               260                                  __________________________________________________________________________

                                      EXAMPLE XIII                                 __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Cement Kiln Dust                                                                            6.9%       140#                                                   Fly Ash      11.8%      240#                                                   Limestone Screenings                                                                        39.4%      800#                                                   No. 57 Crushed Limestone                                                                    39.4%      800#                                                   Water        2.5%        50#                                                   Total        100.0%     2030#                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date      Mach.                              No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested    Load                                                                               P.S.I.                         __________________________________________________________________________     A    5.6  4.49   134.7 127.6 12.57                                                                               11-22     8,950                                                                              712                            B    5.1  4.51   135.3 128.7 12.57                                                                               11-22     8,225                                                                              654                            C    5.5  4.51   135.3 128.2 12.57                                                                               11-22     9,050                                                                              720                            D    5.4  4.50   135.0 128.1 12.57                                                                               11-29     9,610                                                                              760                            E    5.5  4.49   134.7 127.7 12.57                                                                               11-29     8,080                                                                              640                            F    4.9  4.50   135.0 128.7 12.57                                                                               11-29     9,630                                                                              770                            G    5.1  4.46   133.8 127.3 12.57                                                                               12-13     8,820                                                                              700                            H    5.3  4.51   135.3 128.5 12.57                                                                               12-13     9,380                                                                              750                            I    5.4  4.50   135.0 128.1 12.57                                                                               12-13     9,400                                                                              750                            J    5.3  4.46   133.8 127.1 12.57                                                                               02-03                                        K    5.1  4.51   135.3 128.7 12.57                                                                               02-03                                        L    4.9  4.48   134.4 128.1 12.57                                                                               02-03                                        M    5.0  4.54   136.2 129.7 12.57                                                                               For Durablilty Test                          N    4.9  4.54   136.2 129.8 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          O    4.8  4.47   134.1 128.0 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          __________________________________________________________________________

                                      EXAMPLE XIV                                  __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Cement Type I                                                                               1.0%        20#                                                   Cement Kiln Dust                                                                            6.8%       140#                                                   Fly Ash      11.7%      240#                                                   Limestone Screenings                                                                        39.0%      800#                                                   No. 57 Crushed Limestone                                                                    39.0%      800#                                                   Water        2.5%        50#                                                   Total        100.0%     1050#                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date      Mach.                              No.  Water                                                                               Molded (Lbs.)                                                                         Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested    Load                                                                               P.S.I.                         __________________________________________________________________________     A    5.4  4.58   137.4 130.4 12.57                                                                               11-21     10,030                                                                              800                           B    5.4  4.58   137.4 130.4 12.57                                                                               11-21     11,780                                                                              940                           C    5.4  4.58   137.4 130.4 12.57                                                                               11-21     14,120                                                                             1120                           D    5.3  4.58   137.4 130.5 12.57                                                                               11-28     15,500                                                                             1230                           E    5.0  4.58   137.4 130.9 12.57                                                                               11-28     18,500                                                                             1470                           F    5.8  4.46   133.8 126.5 12.57                                                                               11-29     14,910                                                                             1190                           G    5.8  4.46   133.8 126.5 12.57                                                                               12-13     17,900                                                                             1420                           H    5.7  4.46   133.8 126.6 12.57                                                                               12-13     20,010                                                                             1590                           I    5.7  4.46   133.8 126.6 12.57                                                                               12-13     14,980                                                                             1190                           J    5.7  4.46   133.8 126.6 12.57                                                                               02-13                                        K    5.6  4.46   133.8 126.7 12.57                                                                               02-13                                        L    5.6  4.46   133.8 126.7 12.57                                                                               02-13                                        M    5.4  4.49   134.7 127.8 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          N    5.4  4.49   134.7 127.8 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          O    5.4  4.49   134.7 127.8 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          __________________________________________________________________________

                                      EXAMPLE XV                                   __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Cement Kiln Dust                                                                            7.8%       160#                                                   Fly Ash      11.7%      240#                                                   Limestone Screenings                                                                        39.0%      800#                                                   No. 57 Crushed Limestone                                                                    39.0%      800#                                                   Water        2.5%        50#                                                   Total        100.0%     2050#                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date      Mach.                              No.  Water                                                                               Molded(Lbs.)                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested    Load                                                                               P.S.I.                         __________________________________________________________________________     A    8.1  4.24   127.2 117.7 12.57                                                                               11-22     4,650                                                                              370*                           B    7.9  4.24   127.2 117.9 12.57                                                                               11-22     5,700                                                                              450                            C    8.3  4.29   128.7 118.8 12.57                                                                               11-22     6,030                              D    7.8  4.25   127.5 118.3 12.57                                                                               11-29     7,200                                                                              570                            E    7.7  4.24   127.2 118.1 12.57                                                                               11-29     6,850                                                                              540                            F    7.6  4.26   127.8 118.8 12.57                                                                               11-29     8,080                                                                              640                            G    7.6  4.30   129.0 119.9 12.57                                                                               12-13     10,000                                                                             800                            H    7.6  4.27   128.1 119.0 12.57                                                                               12-13     9,500                                                                              760                            I    7.6  4.27   128.1 119.0 12.57                                                                               12-13     8,980                                                                              710                            J    7.5  4.27   128.1 119.2 12.57                                                                               02-13                                        K    7.3  4.28   128.4 119.7 12.57                                                                               02-13                                        L    7.2  4.26   127.8 119.2 12.57                                                                               02-13                                        M    7.2  4.27   128.1 119.5 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          N    7.1  4.24   127.2 118.8 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          O    7.2  4.25   127.5 118.9 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          __________________________________________________________________________       *Sample fractured horizontally during capping                                 Remarks:                                                                       This product was produced on November 6, and sampled on November 13.           Materials are the same as in Example XIII  This example is a check to see      if the age of the product, before use, has any effect on the strength          results.                                                                 

                                      EXAMPLE XVI                                  __________________________________________________________________________                                     Weight of                                                           Percent    Batch                                          __________________________________________________________________________             Fly Ash      11.6%       232#                                                  Lime          3.4%       68#                                                   No. 304 Crushed Limestone                                                                   85.0%      1700#                                                  Water        --         --                                                     Total        100.0%     2000#                                          __________________________________________________________________________     Specimen                                                                            Percent                                                                             Wt. As Wet Wt.                                                                              Dry Wt.                                                                              Area Date      Mach.                              No.  Water                                                                               Molded(Lbs.)                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          Per Cu. Ft.                                                                          (Sq. In.)                                                                           Tested    Load                                                                               P.S.I.                         __________________________________________________________________________     A    10.4 4.60   138.0 125.0 12.57                                                                               11-28     10,325                                                                              820                           B    10.4 4.70   141.0 127.7 12.57                                                                               11-28     11,950                                                                              950                           C    10.2 4.62   138.6 125.8 12.57                                                                               11-28     10,650                                                                              850                           D    10.2 4.67   140.1 127.1 12.57                                                                               12-05     19,600                                                                             1559                           E    10.2 4.66   139.8 126.9 12.57                                                                               12-05     18,950                                                                             1508                           F    11.1 4.65   139.5 125.6 12.57                                                                               12-05     19,825                                                                             1577                           G    10.8 4.66   139.8 126.2 12.57                                                                               12-19     21,860                                                                             1740                           H    10.8 4.66   139.8 126.2 12.57                                                                               12-19     20,790                                                                             1650                           I    10.8 4.64   139.2 125.6 12.57                                                                               12-19     21,000                                                                             1670                           J    10.8 4.70   141.0 127.3 12.57                                                                               02-19                                        K    10.9 4.65   139.5 125.8 12.57                                                                               02-19                                        L    10.9 4.68   140.4 126.6 12.57                                                                               02-19                                        M    10.9 4.66   139.8 126.1 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          N    10.9 4.68   140.4 126.6 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          O     9.6 4.63   138.9 126.7 12.57                                                                               For Durability Test                          __________________________________________________________________________

The results of the tests are summarized in FIGS. 1-3.

As shown in FIG. 1, mixtures containing cement kiln dust vary but in each instant produce a base that is stabilized.

As shown in FIG. 2, the addition of additives or admixtures generally do not affect the strength except that a retarder tends to prevent the early development of strength as might be expected.

As shown in FIG. 3, the strength of mixtures including cement kiln dust compare favorably with a lime, fly ash, aggregate mixture. In addition, even a mixture of cement kiln dust and fly ash produces a stabilized base.

Thus, the mixtures of the present invention result in a stabilized base that is comparable in strength and required performance characteristics to cement-aggregate or lime-fly ash-aggregate stabilized bases and yet are not energy intensive. The mixtures of the present invention cost less than the predominantly used asphalt-aggregate bases. Also, the use of mixtures of the invention releases asphalt for use in resurfacing or as a heavy industrial fuel.

FIG. 4 is a curve showing the BTU's per mile versus thickness for various road paving materials taken from Highway Research Circular titled "Fuel Usage Factors for Highway Construction", Number 158, July, 1974. It ca be seen that asphalt concrete and cement type mixtures require substantial energy and only granular base or sub-base of aggregate has minimal energy requirements in hauling, spreading, compacting and finishing. Since the mixtures of the present invention utilize waste materials, namely, cement kiln dust and fly ash, the energy requirements for making a stabilized base are only in hauling, spreading, compacting and finishing.

As a result, the mixtures of the present invention have minimal energy requirements and thereby obviate the energy intensive materials or prior stabilized bases.

The mixtures of the present invention utilize cement kiln dust which is a waste product that is relatively available from cement plants and fly ash which is readily available from power plants. 

I claim:
 1. A mixture consisting essentially of fly ash and cement kiln dust.
 2. The mixture set forth in claim 1 including an amount of portland cement.
 3. The mixture set forth in claim 1 wherein said cement kiln dust comprises about 12% by dry weight and said fly ash comprises about 88% by dry weight.
 4. The method which comprises mixing fly ash, cement kiln dust and water and permitting the mixture to react at ambient temperatures to produce a durable mass.
 5. The method set forth in claim 4 wherein said .[.fly ash.]. .Iadd.cement kiln dust .Iaddend.comprises about 12% by dry weight of the total of fly ash and cement kiln dust and the .[.cement kiln dust.]. .Iadd.fly ash .Iaddend.comprises about 88% by dry weight of the total of fly ash and cement kiln dust.
 6. The mixture set forth in claim 1 including about 1% portland cement.
 7. The mixture set forth in claim 1 wherein the fly ash comprises the major constituent.
 8. The method set forth in claim 4 including mixing about 1% portland cement with said fly ash and cement kiln dust. 